Abstract
Various forms of ecological monitoring and disease diagnosis rely upon the detection of amphiphiles, including lipids, lipopolysaccharides, and lipoproteins, at ultralow concentrations in small droplets. Although assays based on droplets’ wettability provide promising options in some cases, their reliance on the measurements of surface and bulk properties of whole droplets (e.g., contact angles, surface tensions) makes it difficult to monitor trace amounts of these amphiphiles within small-volume samples. Here, we report a design principle in which self-assembled monolayer–functionalized microstructured surfaces coated with silicone oil create locally disordered regions within a droplet’s contact lines to effectively concentrate amphiphiles within the areas that dominate the droplet static friction. Remarkably, such surfaces enable the ultrasensitive, naked-eye detection of amphiphiles through changes in the droplets’ sliding angles, even when the concentration is four to five orders of magnitude below their critical micelle concentration. We develop a thermodynamic model to explain the partitioning of amphiphiles at the contact line by their cooperative association within the disordered, loosely packed regions of the self-assembled monolayer. Based on this local analyte concentrating effect, we showcase laboratory-on-a-chip surfaces with positionally dependent pinning forces capable of both detecting industrially and biologically relevant amphiphiles (e.g., bacterial endotoxins), as well as sorting aqueous droplets into discrete groups based on their amphiphile concentrations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the sliding behavior of amphiphile-laden aqueous droplets provides insight into the amphiphile’s effective length, thereby allowing these surfaces to discriminate between analytes with highly disparate molecular sizes.
Original language | English (US) |
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Article number | e2211042119 |
Journal | PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |
Volume | 119 |
Issue number | 43 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Oct 25 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This research was supported by the NSF through the Harvard University Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (DMR-2011754). We thank Dr. M. Aizenberg and Prof. Paul S. Weiss for constructive feedback and comments.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
Keywords
- amphiphiles
- lubricated surfaces
- self-assembly
- sensors
- wettability
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General