The impact of gasoline formulation on turbulent jet ignition

Turbulent jet ignition (TJI) is a promising technology for burning ultra-lean mixtures; the process is comprised of hot reactive jets issuing from a pre-chamber (PC) and initiating combustion in the main chamber (MC). The present study employs a simplified zero-dimensional (0D) partially stirred reactor (PaSR) model to describe the complex mixing and reaction progress within the PC and its subsequent impact on the MC combustion in terms of combustion efficiency and pollutant formation characteristics. Full three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data are used to calibrate the PC model, which is subsequently linked to predict the MC combustion behavior. We propose a model to predict the effects of the fuel formulations with varying research octane number (RON) and octane sensitivities (OS) on the TJI performance. After a careful parametric study, a dedicated merit function for identifying the optimal TJI operating conditions was proposed to assess multiple fuel properties and their influence on MC combustion. The model properly accounts for micro-mixing effects in the early jet expansion phase, and represents the effects of a PC jet on enhancing flammability and pollutant mitigation. It was demonstrated that aromatic content affects not only the progress of the thermokinetic runaway, but also the importance of NO formation paths in MC (N₂O vs NNH routes), and the effect of the PC jet on MC flammability limits. Among the jet active species, OH and NO exhibited the greatest chemical impact on MC reactivity, while the chemical effects of CO₂ and H₂O remained limited. The overall fuel TJI merit function showed optimum performance for fuels with 2 < OS < 6 and high RON, similar to the requirements for spark-ignited engine operation beyond motor octane number (MON) conditions, fuel lean advanced compression ignition operation, and spark-induced compression ignition.