Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies

Christopher O. Barnes; Anthony P. West; Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman; Magnus A.G. Hoffmann; Naima G. Sharaf; Pauline R. Hoffman; Nicholas Koranda; Harry B. Gristick; Christian Gaebler; Frauke Muecksch; Julio C.Cetrulo Lorenzi; Shlomo Finkin; Thomas Hägglöf; Arlene Hurley; Katrina G. Millard; Yiska Weisblum; Fabian Schmidt; Theodora Hatziioannou; Paul D. Bieniasz; Marina Caskey; Davide F. Robbiani; Michel C. Nussenzweig; Pamela J. Bjorkman

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025

Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies

Christopher O. Barnes, Anthony P. West, Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman, Magnus A.G. Hoffmann, Naima G. Sharaf, Pauline R. Hoffman, Nicholas Koranda, Harry B. Gristick, Christian Gaebler, Frauke Muecksch, Julio C.Cetrulo Lorenzi, Shlomo Finkin, Thomas Hägglöf, Arlene Hurley, Katrina G. Millard, Yiska Weisblum, Fabian Schmidt, Theodora Hatziioannou, Paul D. Bieniasz, Marina CaskeyDavide F. Robbiani, Michel C. Nussenzweig^*, Pamela J. Bjorkman^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Bioengineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

525 Scopus citations

Abstract

Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses mainly target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike. Here, we characterized polyclonal immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, and contributions of avidity to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Using electron microscopy, we examined specificities of polyclonal plasma Fabs, revealing recognition of both S1^A and RBD epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Moreover, a 3.4 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-spike complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor binding. Modeling based on these structures suggested different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking by IgGs on viruses, and characterized IgGs would not be affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. Overall, our studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	828-842.e16
Journal	Cell
Volume	182
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025
State	Published - Aug 20 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We gratefully acknowledge all labs and authors for making SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data available for this research. We thank all study participants who devoted time to our research, Drs. Barry Coller and Sarah Schlesinger, and the Rockefeller University Hospital Clinical Research Support Office and nursing staff. We thank the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and the originating and submitting laboratories for sharing the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences; see Table S4 for a list of sequence contributors. We thank members of the Bjorkman, Nussenzweig, and Bienasz laboratories for helpful discussions, Drs. John Pak (Chan Zuckerberg Biohub) and Florian Krammer (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) for CoV expression plasmids, Drs. Songye Chen and Andrey Malyutin (Caltech) for maintaining electron microscopes, Dr. Jost Vielmetter and the Protein Expression Center in the Beckman Institute at Caltech for expression assistance, and Ms. Marta Murphy for help with figures. Electron microscopy was performed in the Caltech Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy. We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support the Molecular Observatory (Dr. Jens Kaiser, director), and Drs. Silvia Russi, Aina Cohen, and Clyde Smith and the beamline staff at SSRL for data collection assistance. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences ( DE-AC02-76SF00515 ). The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research , and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences ( P41GM103393 ). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS or NIH. This work was supported by NIH ( P01-AI138938-S1 to P.J.B. and M.C.N., P50 8 P50 AI150464-13 to P.J.B., and 2U19AI111825 to M.C.N.), the Caltech Merkin Institute for Translational Research (to P.J.B.), George Mason University Fast Grants (to P.J.B. and D.F.R.), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) ( INV-002143 to P.J.B. and M.C.N.). C.O.B was supported by the Hanna Gray Fellowship Program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Postdoctoral Enrichment Program from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund . C.G. is a fellow of the Robert S. Wennett and Mario Cader-Frech Foundation and was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA] program) ( UL1 TR001866 ), and by the Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research . P.D.B. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators.

Funding Information:
We gratefully acknowledge all labs and authors for making SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data available for this research. We thank all study participants who devoted time to our research, Drs. Barry Coller and Sarah Schlesinger, and the Rockefeller University Hospital Clinical Research Support Office and nursing staff. We thank the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and the originating and submitting laboratories for sharing the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences; see Table S4 for a list of sequence contributors. We thank members of the Bjorkman, Nussenzweig, and Bienasz laboratories for helpful discussions, Drs. John Pak (Chan Zuckerberg Biohub) and Florian Krammer (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) for CoV expression plasmids, Drs. Songye Chen and Andrey Malyutin (Caltech) for maintaining electron microscopes, Dr. Jost Vielmetter and the Protein Expression Center in the Beckman Institute at Caltech for expression assistance, and Ms. Marta Murphy for help with figures. Electron microscopy was performed in the Caltech Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy. We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support the Molecular Observatory (Dr. Jens Kaiser, director), and Drs. Silvia Russi, Aina Cohen, and Clyde Smith and the beamline staff at SSRL for data collection assistance. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-76SF00515). The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM103393). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS or NIH. This work was supported by NIH (P01-AI138938-S1 to P.J.B. and M.C.N. P50 8 P50 AI150464-13 to P.J.B. and 2U19AI111825 to M.C.N.), the Caltech Merkin Institute for Translational Research (to P.J.B.), George Mason University Fast Grants (to P.J.B. and D.F.R.), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) (INV-002143 to P.J.B. and M.C.N.). C.O.B was supported by the Hanna Gray Fellowship Program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Postdoctoral Enrichment Program from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. C.G. is a fellow of the Robert S. Wennett and Mario Cader-Frech Foundation and was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA] program) (UL1 TR001866), and by the Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research. P.D.B. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. C.O.B. A.P.W. D.F.R. M.C.N. and P.J.B. conceived the study and analyzed data. C.O.B. performed protein characterization, nsEMPEM, and cryo-EM and interpreted structures. N.G.S. and C.O.B. performed and analyzed crystallographic structures. C.O.B. and K.E.H.-T. prepared plasma IgGs and Fabs. M.A.G.H. K.E.H.-T. N.G.S. and C.O.B. performed and analyzed ELISAs. P.R.H. and N.K. expressed and purified proteins. A.P.W. and H.B.G. performed computational modeling. A.P.W. analyzed antibody sequences. F.M. J.C.C.L. Y.W. F.S. T.H. and P.D.B. developed and performed in vitro neutralization assays. C.G. S.F. A.H. K.G.M. M.C. and D.F.R. collected and processed human plasma samples. C.O.B. A.P.W. M.C.N. and P.J.B. wrote the paper with contributions from other authors. In connection with this work, The Rockefeller University has filed a provisional patent application on which D.F.R. and M.C.N. are inventors.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Author(s)

Keywords

convalescent plasma
coronavirus
COVID-19
electron microscopy
ELISA
Fab
IgG
MERS-CoV
SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV-2

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025

Cite this

Barnes, C. O., West, A. P., Huey-Tubman, K. E., Hoffmann, M. A. G., Sharaf, N. G., Hoffman, P. R., Koranda, N., Gristick, H. B., Gaebler, C., Muecksch, F., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Finkin, S., Hägglöf, T., Hurley, A., Millard, K. G., Weisblum, Y., Schmidt, F., Hatziioannou, T., Bieniasz, P. D., ... Bjorkman, P. J. (2020). Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies. Cell, 182(4), 828-842.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025

@article{44bdc7726c04494aa239b6d28540b45d,

title = "Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies",

abstract = "Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses mainly target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike. Here, we characterized polyclonal immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, and contributions of avidity to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Using electron microscopy, we examined specificities of polyclonal plasma Fabs, revealing recognition of both S1A and RBD epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Moreover, a 3.4 {\AA} cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-spike complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor binding. Modeling based on these structures suggested different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking by IgGs on viruses, and characterized IgGs would not be affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. Overall, our studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.",

keywords = "convalescent plasma, coronavirus, COVID-19, electron microscopy, ELISA, Fab, IgG, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2",

author = "Barnes, {Christopher O.} and West, {Anthony P.} and Huey-Tubman, {Kathryn E.} and Hoffmann, {Magnus A.G.} and Sharaf, {Naima G.} and Hoffman, {Pauline R.} and Nicholas Koranda and Gristick, {Harry B.} and Christian Gaebler and Frauke Muecksch and Lorenzi, {Julio C.Cetrulo} and Shlomo Finkin and Thomas H{\"a}ggl{\"o}f and Arlene Hurley and Millard, {Katrina G.} and Yiska Weisblum and Fabian Schmidt and Theodora Hatziioannou and Bieniasz, {Paul D.} and Marina Caskey and Robbiani, {Davide F.} and Nussenzweig, {Michel C.} and Bjorkman, {Pamela J.}",

note = "Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge all labs and authors for making SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data available for this research. We thank all study participants who devoted time to our research, Drs. Barry Coller and Sarah Schlesinger, and the Rockefeller University Hospital Clinical Research Support Office and nursing staff. We thank the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and the originating and submitting laboratories for sharing the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences; see Table S4 for a list of sequence contributors. We thank members of the Bjorkman, Nussenzweig, and Bienasz laboratories for helpful discussions, Drs. John Pak (Chan Zuckerberg Biohub) and Florian Krammer (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) for CoV expression plasmids, Drs. Songye Chen and Andrey Malyutin (Caltech) for maintaining electron microscopes, Dr. Jost Vielmetter and the Protein Expression Center in the Beckman Institute at Caltech for expression assistance, and Ms. Marta Murphy for help with figures. Electron microscopy was performed in the Caltech Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy. We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support the Molecular Observatory (Dr. Jens Kaiser, director), and Drs. Silvia Russi, Aina Cohen, and Clyde Smith and the beamline staff at SSRL for data collection assistance. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences ( DE-AC02-76SF00515 ). The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research , and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences ( P41GM103393 ). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS or NIH. This work was supported by NIH ( P01-AI138938-S1 to P.J.B. and M.C.N., P50 8 P50 AI150464-13 to P.J.B., and 2U19AI111825 to M.C.N.), the Caltech Merkin Institute for Translational Research (to P.J.B.), George Mason University Fast Grants (to P.J.B. and D.F.R.), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) ( INV-002143 to P.J.B. and M.C.N.). C.O.B was supported by the Hanna Gray Fellowship Program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Postdoctoral Enrichment Program from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund . C.G. is a fellow of the Robert S. Wennett and Mario Cader-Frech Foundation and was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA] program) ( UL1 TR001866 ), and by the Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research . P.D.B. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge all labs and authors for making SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data available for this research. We thank all study participants who devoted time to our research, Drs. Barry Coller and Sarah Schlesinger, and the Rockefeller University Hospital Clinical Research Support Office and nursing staff. We thank the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and the originating and submitting laboratories for sharing the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences; see Table S4 for a list of sequence contributors. We thank members of the Bjorkman, Nussenzweig, and Bienasz laboratories for helpful discussions, Drs. John Pak (Chan Zuckerberg Biohub) and Florian Krammer (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) for CoV expression plasmids, Drs. Songye Chen and Andrey Malyutin (Caltech) for maintaining electron microscopes, Dr. Jost Vielmetter and the Protein Expression Center in the Beckman Institute at Caltech for expression assistance, and Ms. Marta Murphy for help with figures. Electron microscopy was performed in the Caltech Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy. We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support the Molecular Observatory (Dr. Jens Kaiser, director), and Drs. Silvia Russi, Aina Cohen, and Clyde Smith and the beamline staff at SSRL for data collection assistance. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-76SF00515). The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM103393). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS or NIH. This work was supported by NIH (P01-AI138938-S1 to P.J.B. and M.C.N. P50 8 P50 AI150464-13 to P.J.B. and 2U19AI111825 to M.C.N.), the Caltech Merkin Institute for Translational Research (to P.J.B.), George Mason University Fast Grants (to P.J.B. and D.F.R.), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) (INV-002143 to P.J.B. and M.C.N.). C.O.B was supported by the Hanna Gray Fellowship Program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Postdoctoral Enrichment Program from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. C.G. is a fellow of the Robert S. Wennett and Mario Cader-Frech Foundation and was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA] program) (UL1 TR001866), and by the Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research. P.D.B. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. C.O.B. A.P.W. D.F.R. M.C.N. and P.J.B. conceived the study and analyzed data. C.O.B. performed protein characterization, nsEMPEM, and cryo-EM and interpreted structures. N.G.S. and C.O.B. performed and analyzed crystallographic structures. C.O.B. and K.E.H.-T. prepared plasma IgGs and Fabs. M.A.G.H. K.E.H.-T. N.G.S. and C.O.B. performed and analyzed ELISAs. P.R.H. and N.K. expressed and purified proteins. A.P.W. and H.B.G. performed computational modeling. A.P.W. analyzed antibody sequences. F.M. J.C.C.L. Y.W. F.S. T.H. and P.D.B. developed and performed in vitro neutralization assays. C.G. S.F. A.H. K.G.M. M.C. and D.F.R. collected and processed human plasma samples. C.O.B. A.P.W. M.C.N. and P.J.B. wrote the paper with contributions from other authors. In connection with this work, The Rockefeller University has filed a provisional patent application on which D.F.R. and M.C.N. are inventors. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Author(s)",

year = "2020",

month = aug,

day = "20",

doi = "10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "182",

pages = "828--842.e16",

journal = "Cell",

issn = "0092-8674",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

number = "4",

}

Barnes, CO, West, AP, Huey-Tubman, KE, Hoffmann, MAG, Sharaf, NG, Hoffman, PR, Koranda, N, Gristick, HB, Gaebler, C, Muecksch, F, Lorenzi, JCC, Finkin, S, Hägglöf, T, Hurley, A, Millard, KG, Weisblum, Y, Schmidt, F, Hatziioannou, T, Bieniasz, PD, Caskey, M, Robbiani, DF, Nussenzweig, MC & Bjorkman, PJ 2020, 'Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies', Cell, vol. 182, no. 4, pp. 828-842.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025

TY - JOUR

T1 - Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies

AU - Barnes, Christopher O.

AU - West, Anthony P.

AU - Huey-Tubman, Kathryn E.

AU - Hoffmann, Magnus A.G.

AU - Sharaf, Naima G.

AU - Hoffman, Pauline R.

AU - Koranda, Nicholas

AU - Gristick, Harry B.

AU - Gaebler, Christian

AU - Muecksch, Frauke

AU - Lorenzi, Julio C.Cetrulo

AU - Finkin, Shlomo

AU - Hägglöf, Thomas

AU - Hurley, Arlene

AU - Millard, Katrina G.

AU - Weisblum, Yiska

AU - Schmidt, Fabian

AU - Hatziioannou, Theodora

AU - Bieniasz, Paul D.

AU - Caskey, Marina

AU - Robbiani, Davide F.

AU - Nussenzweig, Michel C.

AU - Bjorkman, Pamela J.

N1 - Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge all labs and authors for making SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data available for this research. We thank all study participants who devoted time to our research, Drs. Barry Coller and Sarah Schlesinger, and the Rockefeller University Hospital Clinical Research Support Office and nursing staff. We thank the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and the originating and submitting laboratories for sharing the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences; see Table S4 for a list of sequence contributors. We thank members of the Bjorkman, Nussenzweig, and Bienasz laboratories for helpful discussions, Drs. John Pak (Chan Zuckerberg Biohub) and Florian Krammer (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) for CoV expression plasmids, Drs. Songye Chen and Andrey Malyutin (Caltech) for maintaining electron microscopes, Dr. Jost Vielmetter and the Protein Expression Center in the Beckman Institute at Caltech for expression assistance, and Ms. Marta Murphy for help with figures. Electron microscopy was performed in the Caltech Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy. We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support the Molecular Observatory (Dr. Jens Kaiser, director), and Drs. Silvia Russi, Aina Cohen, and Clyde Smith and the beamline staff at SSRL for data collection assistance. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences ( DE-AC02-76SF00515 ). The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research , and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences ( P41GM103393 ). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS or NIH. This work was supported by NIH ( P01-AI138938-S1 to P.J.B. and M.C.N., P50 8 P50 AI150464-13 to P.J.B., and 2U19AI111825 to M.C.N.), the Caltech Merkin Institute for Translational Research (to P.J.B.), George Mason University Fast Grants (to P.J.B. and D.F.R.), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) ( INV-002143 to P.J.B. and M.C.N.). C.O.B was supported by the Hanna Gray Fellowship Program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Postdoctoral Enrichment Program from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund . C.G. is a fellow of the Robert S. Wennett and Mario Cader-Frech Foundation and was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA] program) ( UL1 TR001866 ), and by the Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research . P.D.B. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge all labs and authors for making SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data available for this research. We thank all study participants who devoted time to our research, Drs. Barry Coller and Sarah Schlesinger, and the Rockefeller University Hospital Clinical Research Support Office and nursing staff. We thank the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) and the originating and submitting laboratories for sharing the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences; see Table S4 for a list of sequence contributors. We thank members of the Bjorkman, Nussenzweig, and Bienasz laboratories for helpful discussions, Drs. John Pak (Chan Zuckerberg Biohub) and Florian Krammer (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) for CoV expression plasmids, Drs. Songye Chen and Andrey Malyutin (Caltech) for maintaining electron microscopes, Dr. Jost Vielmetter and the Protein Expression Center in the Beckman Institute at Caltech for expression assistance, and Ms. Marta Murphy for help with figures. Electron microscopy was performed in the Caltech Beckman Institute Resource Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy. We thank the Gordon and Betty Moore and Beckman Foundations for gifts to Caltech to support the Molecular Observatory (Dr. Jens Kaiser, director), and Drs. Silvia Russi, Aina Cohen, and Clyde Smith and the beamline staff at SSRL for data collection assistance. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-76SF00515). The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM103393). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIGMS or NIH. This work was supported by NIH (P01-AI138938-S1 to P.J.B. and M.C.N. P50 8 P50 AI150464-13 to P.J.B. and 2U19AI111825 to M.C.N.), the Caltech Merkin Institute for Translational Research (to P.J.B.), George Mason University Fast Grants (to P.J.B. and D.F.R.), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) (INV-002143 to P.J.B. and M.C.N.). C.O.B was supported by the Hanna Gray Fellowship Program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Postdoctoral Enrichment Program from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. C.G. is a fellow of the Robert S. Wennett and Mario Cader-Frech Foundation and was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS, National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award [CTSA] program) (UL1 TR001866), and by the Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research. P.D.B. and M.C.N. are Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. C.O.B. A.P.W. D.F.R. M.C.N. and P.J.B. conceived the study and analyzed data. C.O.B. performed protein characterization, nsEMPEM, and cryo-EM and interpreted structures. N.G.S. and C.O.B. performed and analyzed crystallographic structures. C.O.B. and K.E.H.-T. prepared plasma IgGs and Fabs. M.A.G.H. K.E.H.-T. N.G.S. and C.O.B. performed and analyzed ELISAs. P.R.H. and N.K. expressed and purified proteins. A.P.W. and H.B.G. performed computational modeling. A.P.W. analyzed antibody sequences. F.M. J.C.C.L. Y.W. F.S. T.H. and P.D.B. developed and performed in vitro neutralization assays. C.G. S.F. A.H. K.G.M. M.C. and D.F.R. collected and processed human plasma samples. C.O.B. A.P.W. M.C.N. and P.J.B. wrote the paper with contributions from other authors. In connection with this work, The Rockefeller University has filed a provisional patent application on which D.F.R. and M.C.N. are inventors. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)

PY - 2020/8/20

Y1 - 2020/8/20

N2 - Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses mainly target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike. Here, we characterized polyclonal immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, and contributions of avidity to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Using electron microscopy, we examined specificities of polyclonal plasma Fabs, revealing recognition of both S1A and RBD epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Moreover, a 3.4 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-spike complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor binding. Modeling based on these structures suggested different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking by IgGs on viruses, and characterized IgGs would not be affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. Overall, our studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.

AB - Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses mainly target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike. Here, we characterized polyclonal immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, and contributions of avidity to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Using electron microscopy, we examined specificities of polyclonal plasma Fabs, revealing recognition of both S1A and RBD epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Moreover, a 3.4 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-spike complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor binding. Modeling based on these structures suggested different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking by IgGs on viruses, and characterized IgGs would not be affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. Overall, our studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.

KW - convalescent plasma

KW - coronavirus

KW - COVID-19

KW - electron microscopy

KW - ELISA

KW - Fab

KW - IgG

KW - MERS-CoV

KW - SARS-CoV

KW - SARS-CoV-2

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087716217&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025

DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.025

M3 - Article

C2 - 32645326

AN - SCOPUS:85087716217

SN - 0092-8674

VL - 182

SP - 828-842.e16

JO - Cell

JF - Cell

IS - 4

ER -

Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies

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