On the stability and accuracy of partially and fully implicit schemes for phase field modeling

We study in this paper the accuracy and stability of partially and fully implicit schemes for phase field modeling. Through theoretical and numerical analysis of Allen–Cahn and Cahn–Hilliard models, we investigate the potential problems of using partially implicit schemes, demonstrate the importance of using fully implicit schemes and discuss the limitation of energy stability that are often used to evaluate the quality of a numerical scheme for phase-field modeling. In particular, we make the following observations: 1. a convex splitting scheme (CSS in short) can be equivalent to some fully implicit scheme (FIS in short) with a much different time scaling and thus it may lack numerical accuracy; 2. most implicit schemes are energy-stable if the time-step size is sufficiently small; 3. a traditionally known conditionally energy-stable scheme still possesses an unconditionally energy-stable physical solution; 4. an unconditionally energy-stable scheme is not necessarily better than a conditionally energy-stable scheme when the time step size is not small enough; 5. a first-order FIS for the Allen–Cahn model can be devised so that the maximum principle will be valid on the discrete level and hence the discrete phase variable satisfies |uh(x)|≤1 for all x and, furthermore, the linearized discretized system can be effectively preconditioned by discrete Poisson operators.