Investigation of oxygen and other impurities and their effect on the transparency of a Na flux grown GaN crystal

Mohammed Abo Alreesh; Paul Von Dollen; Thomas F. Malkowski; Tom Mates; Hamad Albrithen; Steven DenBaars; Shuji Nakamura; James S. Speck

doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.12.018

Investigation of oxygen and other impurities and their effect on the transparency of a Na flux grown GaN crystal

Mohammed Abo Alreesh, Paul Von Dollen, Thomas F. Malkowski, Tom Mates, Hamad Albrithen, Steven DenBaars, Shuji Nakamura, James S. Speck

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

6 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this study, we investigate several impurities in bulk GaN crystals grown by the sodium flux technique. In our system, black GaN is in general associated with oxygen, sodium, and molybdenum concentrations in excess of 1019 atoms/cm3. Here, we report on the correlation of high levels of oxygen with opaque crystals. Samples that contain oxygen concentrations above 1019 atoms/cm3 are highly absorbing regardless of the presence of other impurities. Experiments with partially submerged seeds indicated material grown mainly above the nominal liquid surface was more transparent and had a generally lower impurity concentration, especially oxygen. In optically transparent regions, concentrations of oxygen, sodium, and carbon were as low as 7 × 1016, 2 × 1016, and 5 × 1016 atoms/cm3, respectively, while the concentration of molybdenum was below the detection limit.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	50-57
Number of pages	8
Journal	Journal of Crystal Growth
Volume	508
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.12.018
State	Published - Jan 3 2019
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2022-06-09
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the KACST-KAUST-UCSB Solid State Lighting Program (SSLP). The authors acknowledge the use of the Microfluidics Laboratory within the California NanoSystems Institute, supported by the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of California, Office of the President. The authors acknowledge the use of the MRL Shared Experimental Facilities which are supported by the MRSEC Program of the NSF under Award No. DMR 1720256; a member of the NSF-funded Materials Research Facilities Network (www.mrfn.org).
This publication acknowledges KAUST support, but has no KAUST affiliated authors.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Materials Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Condensed Matter Physics

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10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.12.018

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title = "Investigation of oxygen and other impurities and their effect on the transparency of a Na flux grown GaN crystal",

abstract = "In this study, we investigate several impurities in bulk GaN crystals grown by the sodium flux technique. In our system, black GaN is in general associated with oxygen, sodium, and molybdenum concentrations in excess of 1019 atoms/cm3. Here, we report on the correlation of high levels of oxygen with opaque crystals. Samples that contain oxygen concentrations above 1019 atoms/cm3 are highly absorbing regardless of the presence of other impurities. Experiments with partially submerged seeds indicated material grown mainly above the nominal liquid surface was more transparent and had a generally lower impurity concentration, especially oxygen. In optically transparent regions, concentrations of oxygen, sodium, and carbon were as low as 7 × 1016, 2 × 1016, and 5 × 1016 atoms/cm3, respectively, while the concentration of molybdenum was below the detection limit.",

author = "{Abo Alreesh}, Mohammed and {Von Dollen}, Paul and Malkowski, {Thomas F.} and Tom Mates and Hamad Albrithen and Steven DenBaars and Shuji Nakamura and Speck, {James S.}",

note = "KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2022-06-09 Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the KACST-KAUST-UCSB Solid State Lighting Program (SSLP). The authors acknowledge the use of the Microfluidics Laboratory within the California NanoSystems Institute, supported by the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of California, Office of the President. The authors acknowledge the use of the MRL Shared Experimental Facilities which are supported by the MRSEC Program of the NSF under Award No. DMR 1720256; a member of the NSF-funded Materials Research Facilities Network (www.mrfn.org). This publication acknowledges KAUST support, but has no KAUST affiliated authors.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.12.018",

language = "English (US)",

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pages = "50--57",

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T1 - Investigation of oxygen and other impurities and their effect on the transparency of a Na flux grown GaN crystal

AU - Abo Alreesh, Mohammed

AU - Von Dollen, Paul

AU - Malkowski, Thomas F.

AU - Mates, Tom

AU - Albrithen, Hamad

AU - DenBaars, Steven

AU - Nakamura, Shuji

AU - Speck, James S.

N1 - KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2022-06-09 Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the KACST-KAUST-UCSB Solid State Lighting Program (SSLP). The authors acknowledge the use of the Microfluidics Laboratory within the California NanoSystems Institute, supported by the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of California, Office of the President. The authors acknowledge the use of the MRL Shared Experimental Facilities which are supported by the MRSEC Program of the NSF under Award No. DMR 1720256; a member of the NSF-funded Materials Research Facilities Network (www.mrfn.org). This publication acknowledges KAUST support, but has no KAUST affiliated authors.

PY - 2019/1/3

Y1 - 2019/1/3

N2 - In this study, we investigate several impurities in bulk GaN crystals grown by the sodium flux technique. In our system, black GaN is in general associated with oxygen, sodium, and molybdenum concentrations in excess of 1019 atoms/cm3. Here, we report on the correlation of high levels of oxygen with opaque crystals. Samples that contain oxygen concentrations above 1019 atoms/cm3 are highly absorbing regardless of the presence of other impurities. Experiments with partially submerged seeds indicated material grown mainly above the nominal liquid surface was more transparent and had a generally lower impurity concentration, especially oxygen. In optically transparent regions, concentrations of oxygen, sodium, and carbon were as low as 7 × 1016, 2 × 1016, and 5 × 1016 atoms/cm3, respectively, while the concentration of molybdenum was below the detection limit.

AB - In this study, we investigate several impurities in bulk GaN crystals grown by the sodium flux technique. In our system, black GaN is in general associated with oxygen, sodium, and molybdenum concentrations in excess of 1019 atoms/cm3. Here, we report on the correlation of high levels of oxygen with opaque crystals. Samples that contain oxygen concentrations above 1019 atoms/cm3 are highly absorbing regardless of the presence of other impurities. Experiments with partially submerged seeds indicated material grown mainly above the nominal liquid surface was more transparent and had a generally lower impurity concentration, especially oxygen. In optically transparent regions, concentrations of oxygen, sodium, and carbon were as low as 7 × 1016, 2 × 1016, and 5 × 1016 atoms/cm3, respectively, while the concentration of molybdenum was below the detection limit.

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U2 - 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.12.018

DO - 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.12.018

M3 - Article

SN - 0022-0248

VL - 508

SP - 50

EP - 57

JO - Journal of Crystal Growth

JF - Journal of Crystal Growth

ER -

Investigation of oxygen and other impurities and their effect on the transparency of a Na flux grown GaN crystal

Abstract

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