Abstract
Stable isotope ratios in tissues of large mammalian herbivores record diet and climate information integrated over large spatial areas and can be used to study modern and fossil ecosystems. Sound interpretation of data requires that tissue growth rates be determined accurately and that ecological and behavioral variables that influence stable isotope ratios of tissues be measured and related to experienced environmental conditions assessed through field observations, remote sensing data, and meteorological records. If well-understood in modern herbivores, stable isotopes from closely-related extinct taxa have tremendous potential for resolving paleodiet, paleoenvironment, and paleoclimate of terrestrial ecosystems. We present multiyear, high-resolution (i.e., weekly) stable isotope records from bioapatite in tusk dentin (δ13Cdentin and δ18Odentin) and tail hair (δ13Chair and δ15Nhair) of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) from Kenya that was fitted with a GPS collar intermittently over a five year period and observed for nearly a decade. GPS and observational data provide behavioral, life history, and location information. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), precipitation, and isotopic data from plants and water provide further constraints for interpreting isotope profiles. We determine tusk and hair growth rates using a combination of histological and geochemical approaches, including bomb-curve radiocarbon, that confirm approximately weekly resolution in the stable isotope profiles. Tusk dentin isotope profiles spanning the periods 1982 to 1987 and 2000 to 2006 record weekly variability in δ13Cdentin, where increases of up to 4.5‰ from baseline values due to diet switches from predominantly C3 browsing to mixed C3 browsing and C4 grazing occur during the twice-yearly (biannual) rainy seasons. The δ13Chair values show a similar trend. The δ13C profiles served as a proxy for seasonal changes in rainfall, vegetation, and diet. The δ18O of tusk bioapatite varied approximately biannually up to 5‰, likely reflecting increases in the proportion of plant water ingested during the wet season. Using a least squares inverse filter, we show that NDVI can be used to predict δ13C of dentin and vice versa, offering the possibility to reconstruct seasonal changes in vegetation and rainfall in the geologic past. Our results demonstrate that high-resolution tusk isotope profiles serve as a proxy for seasonality of diet and precipitation, and thus can be used to reconstruct aspects of elephant life history, vegetation, and climate at unprecedented resolution from modern and fossil proboscidean samples.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 109962 |
Journal | Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |
Volume | 559 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Dec 2020 |
Bibliographical note
KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2021-02-24Acknowledgements: We thank the Office of the President of the Republic of Kenya, the Kenya Wildlife Service, and the Samburu and Buffalo Springs County Councils for permission to conduct this research. We thank David Daballen, Daniel Lentipo, and Chris Leadismo at Save The Elephants for sample collection; Dan Davis, Blake Hethmon, and Jared Singer for assistance with sample preparation and analyses; and Adam Rountrey for furnishing a copy of the ImageJ plug-in (IncMeas v1.2) used to measure growth increments. We thank Dr. Jessica Metcalfe and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved this manuscript. This project was supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-0819611 awarded to Thure Cerling, by a University of Utah Graduate Research Fellowship (KTU), and the Vetlesen Foundation (KTU). Stable isotope analyses were done at the SIRFER facility at the University of Utah. This work was carried out under CITES permits US831854/9, 02US053837/9, and 07US159997/9. This is Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory contribution #8435.