Genotyping-by-sequencing for plant breeding and genetics

Rapid advances in "next-generation" DNA sequencing technology have brought the US$1000 human (Homo sapiens) genome within reach while providing the raw sequencing output for researchers to revolutionize the way populations are genotyped. To capitalize on these advancements, genotypingby- sequencing (GBS) has been developed as a rapid and robust approach for reduced-representation sequencing of multiplexed samples that combines genome-wide molecular marker discovery and genotyping. The fl exibility and low cost of GBS makes this an excellent tool for many applications and research questions in plant genetics and breeding. Here we address some of the new research opportunities that are becoming more feasible with GBS. Furthermore, we highlight areas in which GBS will become more powerful with the continued increase of sequencing output, development of reference genomes, and improvement of bioinformatics. The ultimate goal of plant biology scientists is to connect phenotype to genotype. In plant breeding, the genotype can then be used to predict phenotypes and select improved cultivars. Furthering our understanding of the connection between heritable genetic factors and the resulting phenotypes will enable genomics-assisted breeding to exist on the scale needed to increase global food supplies in the face of decreasing arable land and climate change. © Crop Science Society of America.