Efficient blade-coated perovskite/silicon tandems via interface engineering

Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have recently reached a certified record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 34.6%. However, most of the high-efficiency tandems rely on spin coating to fabricate the perovskite absorber, which generally has limited scope for mass production. To address this, we demonstrate the potential of linear printing techniques, systematically improving 1.66 eV wide-band-gap (WBG) perovskites in single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) via blade coating. Also, we enhance defect passivation and energy alignment between adjacent contacts, thus improving charge extraction in such blade-coated PSCs by introducing 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions at their electron- and hole-collecting interfaces. Translating the 2D integrated blade-coated PSCs to our monolithic perovskite/silicon tandems significantly improved their performance, enabling an independently certified PCE of 31.2% for blade-coated tandems. Importantly, the encapsulated tandems retain 80% of their initial PCE for ∼1,700 h under ∼1-sun continuous illumination, demonstrating their durability and potential toward long-term deployment.