Abstract
We report the development of redox-active conjugated polymers that have potential applications in electrochemical energy storage. Side chain engineering enables processing of the polymer electrodes from solution, stability in aqueous electrolytes and efficient transport of ionic and electronic charge carriers. We synthesized a 3,3′-dialkoxybithiophene homo-polymer (p-type polymer) with glycol side chains and prepared naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-dialkoxybithiophene (NDI-gT2) copolymers (n-type polymer) with either a glycol or zwitterionic side chain on the NDI unit. For the latter, we developed a post-functionalization synthesis to attach the polar zwitterion side chains to the polymer backbone to avoid challenges of purifying polar intermediates. We demonstrate fast and reversible charging of solution processed electrodes for both the p- and n-type polymers in aqueous electrolytes, without using additives or porous scaffolds and for films up to micrometers thick. We apply spectroelectrochemistry as an in operando technique to probe the state of charge of the electrodes. This reveals that thin films of the p-type polymer and zwitterion n-type polymer can be charged reversibly with up to two electronic charges per repeat unit (bipolaron formation). We combine thin films of these polymers in a two-electrode cell and demonstrate output voltages of up to 1.4 V with high redox-stability. Our findings demonstrate the potential of functionalizing conjugated polymers with appropriate polar side chains to improve the accessible capacity, and to improve reversibility and rate capabilities of polymer electrodes in aqueous electrolytes.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1349-1357 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Energy & Environmental Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 15 2019 |
Bibliographical note
KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2020-10-01Acknowledgements: We thank Peter R Haycock for the fruitful discussions about the NMR spectra. Funding: DM, PB and JN are grateful for funding from the EPSRC via the Supersolar Hub (grant EP/P02484X/1) and grant EP/P005543/1. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 742708) and EC H2020 Project SOLEDLIGHT (grant agreement No 643791), IMEC Synergy Grant SC2 (610115) and EPSRC EP/M005143/1. AG and IM are grateful for funding from EPSRC Project EP/G037515/1. AG and JN acknowledge funding form the EPSRC (EP/N509486/1) and from The Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences Strategic Research Fund. ER is grateful for funding from FRQNT.