Biomechanical and bioelectrical properties of extracellular vesicles – Outlook and electrochemical biosensing

Understanding the physical properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs), their interaction mechanisms, and their potential implementation in medical devices has sparked significant interest in bioelectronics. A new research direction for molecular circuits in bioelectronics emerged when the possibility of electron transport within small biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and cells, was demonstrated. Recently, there has been an increased demand for creating novel interfaces in bioelectronics due to the rapidly evolving technologies designed for miniaturized healthcare wearable and implantable devices, as well as bio-inspired systems for forensics and environmental protection devices, all of which rely heavily on bioelectronic properties of the biomolecules. Therefore, as their popularity grows, it is crucial to study the electrical, mechanical, and other properties of EVs.