Abstract
This article presents the design of a low complexity, low power, small-sized, wearable, inkjet printed, cheap, and noninvasive radio frequency (RF) based sensor array for pulmonary edema and emphysema condition monitoring inside the patient chest. The RF sensor consists of 38 electrodes and 37 ports. The size of the sensor is 4 cm × 89.4 cm to cover the chest of an average adult. The sensor is optimized to operate at 60 MHz. The scattering coefficients S i1 are measured at each passive port and then the Least Squares (LS) method is used to form an equation for average dielectric constant estimation. The dielectric constant estimation method is used to detect the presence of water/air in human and porcine lungs. The average measured dielectric constants of normal human lung tissue, edema, and emphysema infected lungs are estimated with errors of 3.54%, 4.83%, and 4%, respectively. The porcine lung tissue-mimicking phantom with proper electrical properties is formed using a water and salt (NaCl) mixture. To detect the different stages of pulmonary edema, 200 mL water balls are inserted in the inner layer of the chest model. The measured errors were 2.68%, 0.87%, 2.18%, and 2.8% for normal porcine lung, adding 6 water balls, adding 12 water balls, and adding 18 water balls, respectively.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | e21586 |
| Journal | International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering |
| Volume | 29 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Apr 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This project was partially funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (Maarifah)—King Abdula-ziz City for Science and Technology—through the Science and Technology Unit at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)—the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under grant number 15-MED-3742-04. Also, this project was supported by KFUPM-KAUST Project number KAUST-002. The authors would like to thank King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) for their support in fabrication and experimental validation of the proposed sensor.
Funding Information:
information King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; KFUPM?KAUST, Grant/Award Number: KAUST?002; National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (Maarifah)?King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology?through the Science and Technology Unit at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)?the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Grant/Award Number: 15?MED?3742?04This project was partially funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (Maarifah)?King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology?through the Science and Technology Unit at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)?the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under grant number 15-MED-3742-04. Also, this project was supported by KFUPM-KAUST Project number KAUST-002. The authors would like to thank King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) for their support in fabrication and experimental validation of the proposed sensor.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keywords
- RF sensor
- dielectric constant
- inkjet printing
- least square method
- pulmonary edema
- pulmonary emphysema
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Computer Science Applications
- Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering